Clinical Anatomy

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Sample questions from Clinical Anatomy

This material has 90 questions with answers and rationales. Here are the first 5.

1. 1.A nurse is reviewing the structure of a cell with a student. Which organelle is primarily responsible for producing adenosine triphosphate through aerobic metabolism?

   • A.Golgi apparatus
   • B.Ribosome
   • C.Lysosome
   • D.Mitochondrion

   Rationale: Mitochondria generate most cellular ATP through aerobic metabolism. Ribosomes synthesize proteins, lysosomes digest cellular material, and the Golgi apparatus modifies and packages substances. Remember that cells with high energy demands typically contain many mitochondria.

2. 2.A nurse is teaching a client about the plasma membrane. Which statements accurately describe its structure or function? Select all that apply.

   • A.The hydrophobic tails face the watery fluid outside the cell.
   • B.Membrane proteins can function as channels or receptors.
   • C.The phospholipid bilayer has hydrophilic heads facing the watery environments.
   • D.The membrane is selectively permeable to substances crossing it.
   • E.The membrane is composed only of phospholipids, without proteins.

   Rationale: The phospholipid bilayer has hydrophilic heads oriented toward intracellular and extracellular fluid, and its selective permeability regulates movement across the cell boundary. Membrane proteins can act as channels, carriers, or receptors. The membrane contains proteins as well as lipids, and its hydrophobic tails face inward rather than toward watery fluid.

3. 3.A nurse explains why a red blood cell swells when placed in a hypotonic solution. Which process causes water to move into the cell?

   • A.Osmosis
   • B.Phagocytosis
   • C.Facilitated diffusion
   • D.Active transport

   Rationale: Osmosis is the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane toward the area with a higher effective solute concentration. A hypotonic solution has a lower solute concentration than the cell, so water moves into the red blood cell and it may swell. Facilitated diffusion moves solutes down a gradient, active transport requires energy to move substances against a gradient, and phagocytosis engulfs large particles.

4. 4.A nurse observes a healing incision in which epithelial cells are dividing to replace damaged cells. Which cell-cycle phase includes DNA replication before cell division?

   • A.G1 phase
   • B.S phase
   • C.G2 phase
   • D.M phase

   Answer and rationale are in the full material.

5. 5.A tissue sample contains cells embedded in abundant extracellular material with collagen fibers. Which tissue category is most likely represented?

   • A.Nervous tissue
   • B.Epithelial tissue
   • C.Connective tissue
   • D.Muscle tissue

   Answer and rationale are in the full material.