Anatomy and Physiology 217

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Sample questions from Anatomy and Physiology 217

This material has 90 questions with answers and rationales. Here are the first 5.

1. 1.Which structure forms the selectively permeable boundary of a human cell?

   • A.Phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane
   • B.Cytoskeleton
   • C.Ribosome
   • D.Nucleolus

   Rationale: The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with proteins that regulate movement of substances into and out of the cell. The nucleolus makes ribosomal components, the cytoskeleton supports cell shape and movement, and ribosomes synthesize proteins. Remember that selective permeability is a key function of the plasma membrane.

2. 2.During a home visit, a client with a healing skin wound asks which cells are primarily responsible for producing collagen in connective tissue. Which cell type should the nurse identify?

   • A.Osteoclast
   • B.Neuron
   • C.Erythrocyte
   • D.Fibroblast

   Rationale: Fibroblasts produce collagen and other extracellular matrix components that support connective tissue repair. Erythrocytes transport oxygen, neurons transmit signals, and osteoclasts resorb bone. Fibroblast activity is important in wound healing and scar formation.

3. 3.A client asks how substances move across cell membranes. Which statements accurately describe membrane transport? Select all that apply.

   • A.Facilitated diffusion requires ATP because it uses a membrane protein.
   • B.Osmosis is the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
   • C.Simple diffusion moves substances down their concentration gradient without cellular energy.
   • D.Active transport can move substances against a concentration gradient using energy.
   • E.Filtration is driven primarily by hydrostatic pressure differences.
   • F.The sodium-potassium pump moves sodium into the cell and potassium out of the cell.

   Rationale: Simple diffusion and osmosis are passive processes, and osmosis specifically describes water movement across a selectively permeable membrane. Active transport uses energy to move substances against a gradient, while filtration is driven by pressure differences. Facilitated diffusion uses a membrane protein but does not directly require ATP, and the sodium-potassium pump moves sodium out and potassium into the cell.

4. 4.Which organelle modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for transport within or out of the cell?

   • A.Lysosome
   • B.Centrosome
   • C.Golgi apparatus
   • D.Mitochondrion

   Answer and rationale are in the full material.

5. 5.A client's tissue sample shows cells with abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum. Which function is most likely prominent in these cells?

   • A.Breakdown of worn-out organelles
   • B.Synthesis of proteins for secretion
   • C.Production of most cellular ATP
   • D.Storage of genetic information

   Answer and rationale are in the full material.