Applied Pathophysiology a Conceptual Approach Fourth Edition Chapter 1 to 9 Question Bank

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Sample questions from Applied Pathophysiology a Conceptual Approach Fourth Edition Chapter 1 to 9 Question Bank

This material has 90 questions with answers and rationales. Here are the first 5.

1. 1.A patient with prolonged hypoxemia develops reversible cellular injury. Which change is most likely to occur first?

   • A.Failure of the sodium-potassium pump with cellular swelling
   • B.Lysosomal rupture with autodigestion
   • C.Permanent nuclear fragmentation
   • D.Calcification of the cell membrane

   Rationale: Reduced oxygen limits oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production, impairing energy-dependent membrane pumps and causing sodium and water to accumulate in the cell. Lysosomal rupture and nuclear fragmentation are generally later changes associated with irreversible injury. Membrane calcification is not the initial response to hypoxia.

2. 2.A tissue sample shows cell swelling, membrane disruption, and inflammation in the surrounding tissue. Which type of cell death best explains these findings?

   • A.Apoptosis
   • B.Necrosis
   • C.Cellular hypertrophy
   • D.Metaplasia

   Rationale: Necrosis is uncontrolled cell death that disrupts membranes and commonly provokes inflammation. Apoptosis is programmed cell death with orderly removal and usually little surrounding inflammation. Hypertrophy increases cell size, while metaplasia replaces one mature cell type with another.

3. 3.A patient with chronic high blood pressure has increased left ventricular muscle mass. Which cellular adaptation is occurring?

   • A.Hyperplasia
   • B.Atrophy
   • C.Hypertrophy
   • D.Dysplasia

   Rationale: Cardiac muscle cells respond to chronic increased workload primarily by enlarging, a process called hypertrophy. Hyperplasia increases cell number and is not the usual adaptation of mature cardiac muscle. Atrophy is reduced cell size, and dysplasia refers to disordered cell growth.

4. 4.A long-term smoker develops replacement of normal ciliated bronchial columnar epithelium with stratified squamous epithelium. How should this adaptation be classified?

   • A.Metaplasia
   • B.Hypertrophy
   • C.Hyperplasia
   • D.Anaplasia

   Answer and rationale are in the full material.

5. 5.A patient has a heterozygous pathogenic variant in a gene that normally suppresses cell proliferation. A second mutation disables the remaining normal copy in a tissue cell. Which concept best explains the resulting increased cancer risk?

   • A.Activation of both alleles of a proto-oncogene is always required
   • B.Loss of tumor-suppressor function can remove restraints on cell growth
   • C.A germline variant affects only the patient's gametes
   • D.A mutation cannot influence cell-cycle regulation

   Answer and rationale are in the full material.