Proctored Assessmentinformation Custom: Anatomy/Physiology Cn/sn Vn 111

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Sample questions from Proctored Assessmentinformation Custom: Anatomy/Physiology Cn/sn Vn 111

This material has 90 questions with answers and rationales. Here are the first 5.

1. 1.During a home visit, a client with severe dehydration asks why the prescribed IV solution contains sodium chloride. Which explanation best describes the effect of an isotonic solution on the client's cells?

   • A.Water moves into cells until they swell because the solution is hypotonic.
   • B.Water leaves cells because the solution is hypotonic to intracellular fluid.
   • C.There is no net movement of water across cell membranes because the solution is approximately isotonic to the cells.
   • D.Sodium enters cells by osmosis and draws water into the cytoplasm.

   Rationale: An isotonic solution has an effective solute concentration similar to that of intracellular fluid, so water moves in both directions without a net shift in cell volume. A hypotonic solution would promote water entry and swelling, while a hypertonic solution would draw water out; the options reverse these effects. Sodium does not enter cells by osmosis, because osmosis describes water movement across a selectively permeable membrane.

2. 2.At a pediatric clinic, a child has a shallow scrape that removes only the surface layer of skin. Which tissue property best explains why the injured surface can be replaced by cells dividing in the deeper layer?

   • A.Epithelial cells normally have no capacity for mitosis after they mature.
   • B.Epithelial tissue is avascular and receives nutrients by diffusion from underlying tissue.
   • C.The epidermis is composed mainly of adipose tissue that differentiates into skin cells.
   • D.Epithelial tissue contains abundant extracellular matrix that stores nutrients for cell division.

   Rationale: Epithelial tissue is avascular, so it receives oxygen and nutrients by diffusion from the vascular connective tissue beneath it, and basal epithelial cells can divide to replace superficial cells. Abundant extracellular matrix is characteristic of connective tissue, not epithelium. The epidermis is epithelial rather than adipose tissue, and many epithelial cells retain the capacity for mitosis.

3. 3.A client's pancreatic cells are producing large amounts of a protein hormone for secretion into the blood. Which cellular structure is most directly responsible for synthesizing this protein?

   • A.Ribosomes attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum
   • B.Lysosomes
   • C.Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
   • D.Centrioles

   Rationale: Proteins destined for secretion are synthesized by ribosomes attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, then processed and packaged for export. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is more closely associated with lipid synthesis and detoxification, not synthesis of secreted proteins. Lysosomes digest cellular material, and centrioles help organize microtubules during cell division.

4. 4.A client's red blood cells are placed in a solution during a laboratory demonstration. Which observations or mechanisms are consistent with movement across a selectively permeable cell membrane? Select all that apply.

   • A.Water moving toward the side with the higher concentration of nonpenetrating solute is an example of osmosis.
   • B.Glucose moving down its concentration gradient through a membrane carrier is facilitated diffusion.
   • C.Oxygen moving from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration across the membrane is facilitated diffusion.
   • D.A solute moving from lower to higher concentration without energy use is simple diffusion.
   • E.The sodium-potassium pump uses ATP to move sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell against their concentration gradients.

   Answer and rationale are in the full material.

5. 5.A client with a vitamin C deficiency has delayed wound healing after surgery. Which tissue-level change most directly contributes to this finding?

   • A.Reduced keratin production by cardiac muscle cells
   • B.Impaired cilia movement in the vascular endothelium
   • C.Increased myelin production by fibroblasts
   • D.Reduced collagen synthesis in connective tissue

   Answer and rationale are in the full material.